Health

Life expectancy, disease burden, and health systems—global data and trends.

Life Expectancy

Global average life expectancy at birth has risen over the past decades; the WHO reports it now exceeds 70 years in many regions. There are still large gaps: high-income countries often report 80–84 years (e.g. Japan, Switzerland, Singapore, Australia, several European countries), while some low-income countries and conflict-affected areas remain at 55–65 years. Child mortality has fallen globally but remains high in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a temporary drop in life expectancy in many countries.

Healthy Life Expectancy

Healthy life expectancy (years lived in good health) is lower than total life expectancy. Non-communicable diseases (e.g. heart disease, cancer, diabetes) and injuries reduce healthy years, especially where prevention and treatment are weak.

Disease Burden

The global burden of disease is measured in terms of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Communicable diseases (e.g. HIV, tuberculosis, malaria) remain important in many countries; non-communicable diseases and injuries account for a growing share. Mental health conditions and substance use also contribute significantly. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a large spike in deaths and had lasting effects on health systems and routine care.

Major Causes of Death

Cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease, and diabetes are among the leading causes of death worldwide. In some regions, infectious diseases, maternal and child conditions, and malnutrition still dominate. Access to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment varies widely.

Health Systems and Access

Strong health systems provide preventive care, treatment, and emergency services. Many low- and middle-income countries face shortages of staff, medicines, and equipment. Universal health coverage (UHC) is a UN goal: everyone should have access to quality care without financial hardship. Progress depends on funding, governance, and prioritising the needs of the most vulnerable.

Data Sources and Country-Level Data

Life expectancy and health statistics are from the WHO (World Health Organization), UN, and national vital registration and surveys. On this site, each country page shows life expectancy at birth. We update country and topic data every six months so that figures match the latest WHO and UN releases. For full country profiles—economy, budget, health, hunger, water, land, and energy—see Countries and click any country.